{"id":4163,"date":"2022-07-20T10:37:03","date_gmt":"2022-07-20T10:37:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/seabirds\/?page_id=4163"},"modified":"2023-12-07T16:25:59","modified_gmt":"2023-12-07T16:25:59","slug":"gymnura-altavela","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/gymnura-altavela\/","title":{"rendered":"Gymnura altavela"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-container-1 wp-block-group alignfull has-tertiary-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid alignfull column1-desktop-grid__span-8 column1-desktop-grid__start-3 column1-desktop-grid__row-1 column1-tablet-grid__span-8 column1-tablet-grid__row-1 column1-mobile-grid__span-4 column1-mobile-grid__row-1\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid-column wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid__padding-none is-vertically-aligned-center\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-background-color has-primary-background-color has-text-color has-background has-huge-font-size\"><em><em>Gymnura altavela<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Common name :<\/strong> Spiny Butterfly Ray<br><strong>Order:<\/strong> Myliobatiformes<br><strong>Family:<\/strong> Gymnuridae<br><strong>Synonyms: <\/strong><em>Pteroplatea altavela<\/em><br><strong>Misidentifications: <\/strong>None<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center\"><div id=\"metaslider-id-4203\" style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-27-6 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-4203 ml-slider\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_4203\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_4203\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-4207 ms-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/galtavela_andymurch-e1658322082522-700x500.jpg\" height=\"500\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-4203 slide-4207\" title=\"Spiny Butterfly Ray\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">photo credit: Andy Murch<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-4209 ms-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/galtavela_rodrigocanalli-700x500.jpeg\" height=\"500\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-4203 slide-4209\" title=\"galtavela_rodrigocanalli\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">photo credit: Rodrigo Canalli<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-4208 ms-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/galtavela_dennisrabeling-700x500.jpeg\" height=\"500\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-4203 slide-4208\" title=\"galtavela_dennisrabeling\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">photo credit: Dennis Grabeling<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:41px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid alignfull column1-desktop-grid__span-4 column1-desktop-grid__start-3 column1-desktop-grid__row-1 column2-desktop-grid__span-4 column2-desktop-grid__start-7 column2-desktop-grid__row-1 column1-tablet-grid__span-4 column1-tablet-grid__row-1 column2-tablet-grid__span-4 column2-tablet-grid__start-5 column2-tablet-grid__row-1 column1-mobile-grid__span-4 column1-mobile-grid__row-1 column2-mobile-grid__span-4 column2-mobile-grid__row-2\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid-column wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid__padding-none\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-primary-background-color has-background has-large-font-size\"><strong>Short description<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Very large species. Very broad lozenge-shaped pectoral fin disk about twice as wide as long. Obtuse muzzle. One to two small venomous barbed needles inserted at the base of a short tail (one third of the length of the disk) larger in females than in males. A skin crest is present on the dorsal and ventral sides of the tail. Dorsal surface with spines in adults while smooth skin in juveniles. Small tentacle at the inner lateral edge of the spiracle. Small and thin pelvic fins.&nbsp;<br><br><strong>Color: <\/strong>Juxtaposition of small dark or light spots, forming a mosaic of light on a dark brown to grayish brown or reddish brown background dorsal surface. Light white, slightly pinkish or rusty ventral surface. White or brownish pelvic fins. Three to five black bands on the tail.<br><br><strong>Measurements:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Disk width <\/strong>(DW): 50-200 cm (max 400 cm)<\/li><li><strong>Total length <\/strong>(TL): 100-200 cm (max 285 cm)<\/li><li><strong>Weight:<\/strong> up to 290 kg<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Swimming pattern: <\/strong>Oscillatory locomotion<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controls src=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/seabirds\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/galtavela_MartinVranken.mp4\"><\/video><figcaption>video credit: Martin Vranken<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-primary-background-color has-background has-large-font-size\"><strong>Biology \/ Ecology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-caf50a6c-6585-4a9d-972f-8036f1810e92\">Feeds on small fishes, crustaceans, mollusks and plankton.<br><br><strong>Behaviour: <\/strong>Solitary.<br><br><strong>Reproduction: <\/strong>Viviparous (aplacental viviparity with histotrophy). Size at maturity (DW): 78-130 cm males, 102-108 cm female. Gestation period: 4-9 months. Juveniles per litter: 1-8. Size at birth: 38-44 cm.<br><br><strong>Habitat: <\/strong>Benthic in subtropical and temperate waters on sandy bottoms, sometimes on&nbsp;Posidonia meadows. Occurs also in estuaries and lagoons. Depth: 0 &#8211; 500 m (more typically in water less than 50 m deep). Distribution probably habitat-dependent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid column1-desktop-grid__span-11 column1-desktop-grid__row-1 column1-tablet-grid__span-8 column1-tablet-grid__row-1 column1-mobile-grid__span-4 column1-mobile-grid__row-1\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid-column wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid__padding-none\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-foreground-color has-tertiary-background-color has-text-color has-background\" style=\"font-size:18px\">The genus Gymnura is derived from the Greek word gymnos meaning naked.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid-column wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid__padding-none\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-primary-background-color has-background has-large-font-size\"><strong>Distinguishing characteristics<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Large disk, extreme development of its pectoral fins.<\/li><li>Tail very short with serrated spines.<\/li><li>Small dark or light spots or blotches.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Myliobatiformes:<\/strong> No caudal and anal fin. Thin tail like a whip.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Gymnuridae:<\/strong> Depressed body, rhombic disc, disc about twice as broad as long.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-primary-background-color has-background has-large-font-size\"><strong>Distribution<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-7c753903-038c-44d5-aff6-969ae6648293\"><strong>Worldwide:<\/strong> Eastern Atlantic. Black Sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-9d84759b-671d-4c76-b4e6-4c202ee3961d\"><strong>Mediterranean:<\/strong> Unequally distributed in the Mediterranean. The Gulf of Gab\u00e8s (Tunisia) is identified as a nursery and sensitive area. High abundance in the Gulf of Antalya (Turkey). Some records in the Aegean Sea and along the Syrian coast. Few records in the western Mediterranean. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Occurrence:<\/strong> Rare.<\/li><li><strong>Latest records:<\/strong> Cyprus (2018-2022), Black Sea (2019), Tunisia (2017), Turkey (2014), Syria (2013), Edremit, Izmir and S\u0131\u011fac\u0131k Bay &#8211; Turkey (2009), Southern Adriatic (2000), Malta (1997).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"495\" src=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Gymnura_altavela_5-1024x495.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6691\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Gymnura_altavela_5-1024x495.png 1024w, https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Gymnura_altavela_5-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Gymnura_altavela_5-768x371.png 768w, https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Gymnura_altavela_5-1536x743.png 1536w, https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Gymnura_altavela_5-1568x758.png 1568w, https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Gymnura_altavela_5.png 1808w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid column1-desktop-grid__span-10 column1-desktop-grid__start-2 column1-desktop-grid__row-1 column1-tablet-grid__span-8 column1-tablet-grid__row-1 column1-mobile-grid__span-4 column1-mobile-grid__row-1\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid-column wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid__padding-none\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-foreground-color has-secondary-background-color has-text-color has-background\">Any recent observation not on the map?<br><a href=\"mailto: lmendez@ciesm.org\">Contact us<\/a>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-primary-background-color has-background has-large-font-size\"><strong>Conservation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-ca6ef4b1-4ee6-45e6-85da-9ca8e126a46f\"><strong>Threats<\/strong>: Industrial and artisanal fisheries using demersal trawl, shrimp trawl, bottom set gillnets, and beach seine nets. Retained for human consumption, sometimes winged and traded internationally.<br><br><strong>Protection level<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Global:<\/strong> Critically Endangered (IUCN 2021, last assessment: 2020)<\/li><li><strong>Mediterranean:<\/strong> Data Deficient (IUCN 2016, last assessment: 2016)<\/li><li><strong>Europe:<\/strong> Data Deficient (IUCN 2015, last assessment: 2014)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-7c753903-038c-44d5-aff6-969ae6648293\"><br><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:43px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-container-2 wp-block-group alignfull has-tertiary-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid alignfull column1-desktop-grid__span-10 column1-desktop-grid__start-2 column1-desktop-grid__row-1 column1-tablet-grid__span-8 column1-tablet-grid__row-1 column1-mobile-grid__span-4 column1-mobile-grid__row-1\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid-column wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid__padding-none\">\n<p><strong>Key references<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:14px\"><li>Alkusairy H., Ali M., Saad A., Reynaud C., Capap\u00e9 C. 2014. Maturity, Reproductive Cycle and Fecundity of Spiny Butterfly Ray, <em>Gymnura altavela<\/em> (Elasmobranchii: Rajiformes: Gymuridae), from the Coast of Syria (Eastern Mediterranean). <em>Acta Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria<\/em> 44: 229\u2013240.<\/li><li>Carpentieri P., Nastasi A., Sessa M., Srour A. 2021. Incidental catch of vulnerable species in Mediterranean and Black Sea fisheries \u2013 A review. General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean.\u00a0<em>Studies and Reviews<\/em>\u00a0101: I-317.<\/li><li>Dulcic J., Jardas I., Onofri V, Bolotin J. 2003. The roughtail stingray <em>Dasyatis centroura<\/em> (Pisces: Dasyatidae) and spiny butterfly ray <em>Gymnura altavela<\/em> (Pisces: Gymnuridae) from the southern Adriatic. <em>Journal of the Marine Biology Association U.K.<\/em> 83: 871-872.<\/li><li>Eronat E.G.T., \u00d6zayd\u0131n O. 2014. Length\u2013weight relationship of cartilaginous fish species from central Aegean Sea (Izmir Bay and S\u0131\u011fac\u0131k Bay). <em>Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences<\/em> 31(3): 119\u2013125.<\/li><li>Giovos I., Spyridopoulou R. A., Doumpas N., Glaus K., Kleitou P., Kazlari Z., Katsada D., Loukovitis D., Mantzouni I., Papapetrou M.,  Papastamatiou Y.P., Moutopoulos D. K. 2021. Approaching the \u201creal\u201d state of elasmobranch fisheries and trade: A case study from the Mediterranean.\u00a0<em>Ocean &amp; Coastal Management<\/em> 211: 105743.<\/li><li>Giovos I., Serena F., Katsada D., Anastasiadis A., Barash A., Charilaou C., Hall-Spencer J.M.,Crocetta F.,Kaminas A., Kletou D, Maximiadi M., Minasidis V., Moutopoulos D.K., Aga-Spyridopoulou R.N., Thasitis I., Kleitou P. 2021. Integrating literature, biodiversity databases, and citizen-science to reconstruct the checklist of Chondrichthyans in Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean Sea). <em>Fishes<\/em> 6(3): 24.<\/li><li>O\u2019Keefe M., Bengil EG., Palmer JL, Beton D, \u00c7a\u011flar \u00c7., Godley B.J, \u00d6zkan M., Snape R.T.E., Broderick A.C. 2023. Diversity and distribution of elasmobranchs in the coastal waters of Cyprus: using bycatch data to inform management and conservation.\u00a0<em>Front. Mar. Sci.<\/em> 10: 1181437.<\/li><li>Psomadakis P.N., Dal\u00f9 M, Scacco U., Vacchi M. 2005. A rare batoid fish <em>Gymnura altavela<\/em> (Chondrichthyes: Gymnuridae) captured in the Tyrrhenian Sea. <em>JMBA2 &#8211; Biodiversity Records <\/em>(published online).<\/li><li>Schembri T., Fergusson I.K., Schembri P.J. 2003. Revision of the records of sharks and rays species from the Maltese Islands (Chordata: Chondrichthyes). <em>The Central Mediterranean Naturalist de Oceanolog\u00eda Academia de Ciencias de Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo, Mexico<\/em> 4(1): 71\u2013104.<\/li><li>T\u00fcrker D., Zengin K., T\u00fcnay \u00d6.K. 2019. Length-weight relationships for nine chondrichthyes fish species from Edremit Bay (north Aegean Sea). <em>Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences<\/em> 19(1): 71\u201379.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gymnura altavela Common name : Spiny Butterfly RayOrder: MyliobatiformesFamily: GymnuridaeSynonyms: Pteroplatea altavelaMisidentifications: None Short description Very large species. Very broad lozenge-shaped pectoral fin disk about twice as wide as long. Obtuse muzzle. One to two small venomous barbed needles inserted at the base of a short tail (one third of the length of the disk)<a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/gymnura-altavela\/\">Lire la suite <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u00ab\u00a0Gymnura altavela\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4163"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4163"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4163\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6753,"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4163\/revisions\/6753"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4163"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}