{"id":4287,"date":"2022-07-26T15:52:11","date_gmt":"2022-07-26T15:52:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/seabirds\/?page_id=4287"},"modified":"2023-12-07T16:27:17","modified_gmt":"2023-12-07T16:27:17","slug":"pteroplatytrygon-violacea","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/pteroplatytrygon-violacea\/","title":{"rendered":"Pteroplatytrygon violacea"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"height:31px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-container-1 wp-block-group alignfull has-tertiary-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid alignfull column1-desktop-grid__span-8 column1-desktop-grid__start-3 column1-desktop-grid__row-1 column1-tablet-grid__span-8 column1-tablet-grid__row-1 column1-mobile-grid__span-4 column1-mobile-grid__row-1\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid-column wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid__padding-none is-vertically-aligned-center\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-background-color has-primary-background-color has-text-color has-background has-huge-font-size\"><em><em><em><em><em><em>Pteroplatytrygon violacea<\/em><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Common name:<\/strong> Violet Stingray, Common Pelagic Stingray, Blue Stingray  <br><strong>Order:<\/strong> Myliobatiformes  <br><strong>Family:<\/strong> Dasyatidae  <br><strong>Synonyms: <\/strong><em>Dasyatis violacea, Trygon violacea<\/em>,  <em>Dasyatis atratus<\/em>, <em>Trygon purpurea<\/em><br><strong>Misidentifications: <\/strong>None.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center\"><div id=\"metaslider-id-4288\" style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-27-6 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-4288 ml-slider\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_4288\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_4288\">\n            <ul aria-live=\"polite\" class=\"slides\">\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-4294 ms-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/pviolacea_pierreCorbrion-e1658850662872-634x453.jpg\" height=\"500\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-4288 slide-4294\" title=\"OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">photo credit: Pierre Corbrion<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-4295 ms-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/pviolacea_XaviSalvadorCosta-676x483.jpg\" height=\"500\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-4288 slide-4295\" title=\"pviolacea_XaviSalvadorCosta\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">photo credit: Xavi Salvador Costa<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-4293 ms-image\"><img src=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/pviolacea_lebrisSylvain-600x428.jpg\" height=\"500\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-4288 slide-4293\" title=\"pviolacea_lebrisSylvain\" \/><div class=\"caption-wrap\"><div class=\"caption\">photo credit: Sylvain Le Bris<\/div><\/div><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:41px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid alignfull column1-desktop-grid__span-4 column1-desktop-grid__start-3 column1-desktop-grid__row-1 column2-desktop-grid__span-4 column2-desktop-grid__start-7 column2-desktop-grid__row-1 column1-tablet-grid__span-4 column1-tablet-grid__row-1 column2-tablet-grid__span-4 column2-tablet-grid__start-5 column2-tablet-grid__row-1 column1-mobile-grid__span-4 column1-mobile-grid__row-1 column2-mobile-grid__span-4 column2-mobile-grid__row-2\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid-column wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid__padding-none\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-primary-background-color has-background has-large-font-size\"><strong>Short description<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Medium-sized species with rounded snout, early triangular disk without thorns and convex margins. 10-12 broad-based papillae. Tail less than twice the body length. Relatively short and narrow fold under the tail tip. Usually one extremely long dart on the tail.<br><br><strong>Color: &nbsp;<\/strong>Uniformly purple or dark blue-green dorsally and ventrally.<br><br><strong>Measurements:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Disk width <\/strong>(DW): 60 cm (max 96 cm)<\/li><li><strong>Total length<\/strong> (TL): up to 130 cm<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Swimming pattern: <\/strong>Undulatory locomotion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><video controls src=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/seabirds\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/pviolacea_GiuliaDurante.mp4\"><\/video><figcaption>video credit: Giulia Durante<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-primary-background-color has-background has-large-font-size\"><strong>Biology \/ Ecology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-caf50a6c-6585-4a9d-972f-8036f1810e92\">Feeds on coelenterates (including medusae), squid, decapod crustaceans and pelagic fish. Poisonous spine on tail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-caf50a6c-6585-4a9d-972f-8036f1810e92\"><strong>Reproduction: <\/strong>Viviparous (aplacental viviparity with histotrophy). Size at maturity<strong> <\/strong>(DW): 39\u201350 cm at 3 years female, 35\u201341 cm at 2 years male. Size at birth (DW): 14-25 cm. Copulation in spring. 2-9 juveniles per litter produced in late summer. Gestation period: 4 months.<br><br><strong>Habitat: <\/strong>Epipelagic species in tropical to warm temperate waters. Usually found from surface to 100 m over deep water (max 381 m deep).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid column1-desktop-grid__span-11 column1-desktop-grid__row-1 column1-tablet-grid__span-8 column1-tablet-grid__row-1 column1-mobile-grid__span-4 column1-mobile-grid__row-1\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid-column wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid__padding-none\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-foreground-color has-tertiary-background-color has-text-color has-background\" style=\"font-size:18px\">Perhaps the only species of stingray that occurs in the pelagic zone.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid-column wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid__padding-none\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-primary-background-color has-background has-large-font-size\"><strong>Distinguishing characteristics<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Whole body from dark purple to dark blue-green&nbsp; color.<\/li><li>Relatively short and narrow fold under the tail tip.<\/li><li>10-12 large papillae.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Myliobatiformes: <\/strong>No caudal and anal fin. Thin tail like a whip.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dasyatidae:<\/strong> Batoids with depressed bodies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-primary-background-color has-background has-large-font-size\"><strong>Distribution<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-7c753903-038c-44d5-aff6-969ae6648293\"><strong>Worldwide<\/strong>: Circumglobal species throughout the tropical and temperate oceans. Absent from Black Sea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-9d84759b-671d-4c76-b4e6-4c202ee3961d\"><strong>Mediterranean<\/strong>: Present in the Mediterranean. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Occurrence:<\/strong> Abundant.<\/li><li><strong>Latest records:<\/strong> Cyprus (2018-2022), Tunisia (2017), Izmir &amp; Iskenderun bay &#8211; Turkey (2016), Adriatic Sea (2015), Spain &amp; Balearic Sea (2015), Gulf of Lion (2015), Ligurian, northern and central Tyrrhenian Seas &#8211; Italy (2015), Southern Sicily (2015), Southern Italy (2011), Egypt (2010), Slovenia (2004).<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"508\" src=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Pteroplatytrygon_violacea_3-1024x508.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6712\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Pteroplatytrygon_violacea_3-1024x508.png 1024w, https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Pteroplatytrygon_violacea_3-300x149.png 300w, https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Pteroplatytrygon_violacea_3-768x381.png 768w, https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Pteroplatytrygon_violacea_3-1536x762.png 1536w, https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Pteroplatytrygon_violacea_3-1568x778.png 1568w, https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Pteroplatytrygon_violacea_3.png 1794w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid column1-desktop-grid__span-10 column1-desktop-grid__start-2 column1-desktop-grid__row-1 column1-tablet-grid__span-8 column1-tablet-grid__row-1 column1-mobile-grid__span-4 column1-mobile-grid__row-1\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid-column wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid__padding-none\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-foreground-color has-secondary-background-color has-text-color has-background\">Any recent observation not on the map?<br><a href=\"mailto: lmendez@ciesm.org\">Contact us<\/a>!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:10px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-primary-background-color has-background has-large-font-size\"><strong>Conservation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-ca6ef4b1-4ee6-45e6-85da-9ca8e126a46f\"><strong>Threats<\/strong>: Caught as bycatch in drifting longliners for tunas, billfishes, and pelagic sharks. Mostly discarded because of its low or no commercial value. Retained and utilized in some areas for its meat and sometimes cartilage.<br><br><strong>Protection level<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><strong>Mediterranean: <\/strong>Least Concern (IUCN 2016, last assessment: 2016)<\/li><li><strong>Global: <\/strong>Least Concern (IUCN 2019, last assessment: 2018)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p id=\"block-7c753903-038c-44d5-aff6-969ae6648293\"><br><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:43px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-container-2 wp-block-group alignfull has-tertiary-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid alignfull column1-desktop-grid__span-10 column1-desktop-grid__start-2 column1-desktop-grid__row-1 column1-tablet-grid__span-8 column1-tablet-grid__row-1 column1-mobile-grid__span-4 column1-mobile-grid__row-1\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid-column wp-block-jetpack-layout-grid__padding-none\">\n<p><strong>Key references<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"font-size:14px\"><li>Carpentieri P., Nastasi A., Sessa M., Srour A. 2021. Incidental catch of vulnerable species in Mediterranean and Black Sea fisheries \u2013 A review. <em>General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean &#8211; Studies and Reviews<\/em>\u00a0101: I-317.<\/li><li>Follesa M. C., Marongiu M. F., Zupa W., Bellodi A., Cau A., Cannas R., Colloca F., Djurovic M., Isajlovic I., Jadaud A., Manfredi C., Mulas A., Peristeraki P., Porcu C., Ramirez-Amaro S., Salmer\u00f3n Jim\u00e9nez F., Serena F., Sion L., Thasitis I., Cau A., Carbonara P. 2019. Spatial variability of Chondrichthyes in the northern Mediterranean. <em>Scientia Marina <\/em>83(S1) : 81-100.<\/li><li>Geraci M. L., Ragonese S., Scannella D., Falsone F., Gancitano V., Mifsud J., Gambin M., Said A., Vitale S. 2021. Batoid abundances, spatial distribution, and life history traits in the Strait of Sicily (Central Mediterranean Sea): Bridging a knowledge gap through three decades of survey. <em>Animals <\/em>11(8): 2189.<\/li><li>Giovos I., Serena F., Katsada D., Anastasiadis A., Barash A., Charilaou C., Hall-Spencer J.M.,Crocetta F.,Kaminas A., Kletou D, Maximiadi M., Minasidis V., Moutopoulos D.K., Aga-Spyridopoulou R.N., Thasitis I., Kleitou P. 2021. Integrating literature, biodiversity databases, and citizen-science to reconstruct the checklist of Chondrichthyans in Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean Sea). <em>Fishes<\/em> 6(3): 24.<\/li><li>O\u2019Keefe M., Bengil EG., Palmer JL, Beton D, \u00c7a\u011flar \u00c7., Godley B.J, \u00d6zkan M., Snape R.T.E., Broderick A.C. 2023. Diversity and distribution of elasmobranchs in the coastal waters of Cyprus: using bycatch data to inform management and conservation.\u00a0<em>Front. Mar. Sci.<\/em> 10: 1181437.<\/li><li>Ragheb E., Hasan M.W.A. 2021. First record of <em>Pteroplatytrygon violacea<\/em> (Bonaparte, 1832) with annotation of cartilaginous fishes by-catch by gill nets (Egyptian Mediterranean). <em>The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research<\/em> 47(4): 387-392.<\/li><li>Ram\u00edrez-Amaro S., Ordines F., Esteban A., Garc\u00eda C., Guijarro B., Salmer\u00f3n F., Terrasa B., Massut\u00ed E. 2020. The diversity of recent trends for chondrichthyans in the Mediterranean reflects fishing exploitation and a potential evolutionary pressure towards early maturation. <em>Scientific Reports<\/em> 10(1): 1-18.<\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pteroplatytrygon violacea Common name: Violet Stingray, Common Pelagic Stingray, Blue Stingray Order: Myliobatiformes Family: Dasyatidae Synonyms: Dasyatis violacea, Trygon violacea, Dasyatis atratus, Trygon purpureaMisidentifications: None. Short description Medium-sized species with rounded snout, early triangular disk without thorns and convex margins. 10-12 broad-based papillae. Tail less than twice the body length. Relatively short and narrow fold<a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/pteroplatytrygon-violacea\/\">Lire la suite <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u00ab\u00a0Pteroplatytrygon violacea\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4287"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4287"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4287\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6756,"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4287\/revisions\/6756"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ciesm.org\/marine\/programs\/skatesandrays\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4287"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}